What is the drug used for general anesthesia?

 Anesthetics, also called anesthetics, are any agents that cause local or general sensory damage, including pain. Anesthetics achieve this effect by acting on the brain or peripheral nervous system to suppress the response to sensory stimuli. Such a state of non-response is called anesthesia. General anesthesia involves loss of consciousness, usually to relieve pain after surgery. Local anesthesia involves a loss of sensation in one part of the body due to a blockage of the nervous system.

General Anesthetics

General anesthetics cause anesthesia throughout the body and can be injected directly into the bloodstream. In general, the relationship between the amount of anesthetic drug and the decrease in sensory sensitivity of the brain is conditional, but it is useful to divide it into four stages. Step I - Loss of consciousness with moderate muscle relaxation, suitable for short, short procedures. Additional anesthesia medications are added to Phase II, in which hyperactivity and unnecessary activity make surgery impossible. Doctors usually try to get through the second stage as soon as possible. Stage III provides complete surgical anesthesia, which is further distributed based on good breathing, pupil anxiety, and the depth and rhythm of movement in the eyes. Stage IV anesthesia is indicated by the loss of self-breathing and the inevitable loss of control of the heart.

Often, common anesthetics are combined with medications that prevent the transmission of neuromuscular impulses. These additional medications are prescribed to relax the muscles to facilitate surgery. In these cases, artificial respiration will be needed to maintain adequate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood. The ideal anesthetic provides fast and pleasant stimulation (the process that produces anesthesia), careful control of the level of anesthesia and rapid changes, good muscle relaxation and some toxic or side effects. Some anesthetics have been ruled out for therapeutic use because they form explosive compounds with the air, as they irritate the immune cells on the cells of the central bronchioles of the lungs or their effects on the liver or other organ systems. Due to the negative effects.

Inhalation anesthetics are given in conjunction with oxygen, and most of them are excreted through the lungs with little or no metabolism in the body. With the exception of naturally occurring nitrous oxide (laughter gas), all major respiratory anesthetics are compounds composed of hydrocarbons, carbon and hydrogen atoms. Each carbon can bind four hydrogen atoms. The effectiveness of a given series of hydrocarbons depends on the nature of the bond between the carbon atom and the degree in which the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogenes. In aethers, carbon atoms are connected by an oxygen, as is the case with diphtheria ether, and the efficiency of halogen substitution is increased, as seen in infusion and methoxyfluorine. Halogen anesthetics and a strange, unexpected and serious negative property of muscle relaxants is their ability to induce a hyperemetabolic reaction in the skeletal muscles of some sensitive individuals. This deadly reaction, called malignant hyperthermia, causes a rapid increase in body temperature, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production.

Central nervous system depression such as barbiturates (such as thiopental), benzodiazepines (such as midazolam), or other drugs such as propofol, ketamine can provide fast, safe, and well-controlled anesthesia. , And that's it. These systemic anesthetics lead to the rapid onset of anesthesia after a single dose due to their rapid precise dissolution and relatively high perfusion rate in the brain. Most anesthetics are often used to treat anesthesia and are accompanied by inhalation agents to maintain the state of anesthesia. Fainting slowly begins within 10-15 seconds after the start of the injection.